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In this study, the survival and abundance of both corals and sponges was significantly related to habitat. The survival models revealed that both groups of coral were negatively influenced by the depth of the site. The abundance of corals was also negatively affected by local scale structural complexity and the orientation of the seafloor. However, there was little effect of habitat type on the survival of sponges, and only models that incorporated structural complexity at fine-scales influenced sponge abundance. Therefore, sponges may be more deeply affected by local-scale complicated benthic features than corals, as this influenced their abundance. This finding was despite the fact that none of the sponge species responded differently to the reef environments. Sponges may be more motile compared to corals, and can therefore respond to the benthic features of the reef structure more readily (Body et al. 2010). Sponges are more sensitive to the immediate benthic environment, leading to their higher abundance in benthic survey datasets, as they respond more readily to temperature fluctuations, current velocity, turbidity, and sedimentation than corals (Soong & Smith 2015). This finding suggests that sponge-dominated guilds may be more sensitive to the changes in the reef environment than corals (Guzmán et al. 2015; Silva and MacDonald 2017; Piñeros et al. 2018).

We used multiple regression and GAMM models to explore the relationship between seabed topography and coral and sponges abundance, as well as sponge species but there was no clear functional relationship between seabed topography and the abundance of these groups. The abundance of corals was negatively influenced by increased depth (Figure 2). Sponges are more sensitive to numerous environmental factors than corals and generally peak in abundance in environment with higher water flow, which may be related to their fast growth rates and limited dispersal ability (Soong & Smith 2015). Seabed morphology potentially directly affects the abundance and distribution of sponges by influencing their habitat suitability and by mediating biotic processes, such as hydrodynamics, turbidity and sedimentation (Kahng et al. 2010; Locker et al. 2010; Sherman et al. 2019). d2c66b5586